Modha Para is a ward in Raipur (Zone 2) with ๐ข good livability livability (Score: 62.18/100, Grade: B).
Strengths: Air Quality, Amenities, Earthquake Safety · Needs improvement: Open Area, Green Cover
Best suited for: Investors Working Professionals
Click any metric card to explore detailed parameters
Historical parameter scores over the past 14 data points 11 Mar โ 05 Apr 2026
| Parameter | Value | NAAQS Limit | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| AQI Satisfactory | 54 | 0โ50 Good | Lower is better |
| Air Quality Index โ a single number (0โ500) summarizing overall air pollution. Computed from the worst-performing pollutant. AQI โค50 is "Good"; above 200 is "Very Poor" and dangerous for sensitive groups. | |||
| PM2.5 | 22.29 ยตg/mยณ | โค40 ยตg/mยณ (24hr) | Lower is better |
| Fine particulate matter (diameter <2.5 ยตm). These ultra-fine particles penetrate deep into lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing respiratory disease, heart attacks, and reduced life expectancy. Main sources: vehicle exhaust, construction dust, industrial emissions, crop burning. | |||
| PM10 | 52.07 ยตg/mยณ | โค60 ยตg/mยณ (24hr) | Lower is better |
| Coarse particulate matter (diameter <10 ยตm). Includes dust, pollen, and mold spores. Causes coughing, aggravates asthma, and irritates eyes/throat. Less dangerous than PM2.5 but still a major concern in dusty cities like Raipur. | |||
| NOโ | 51.37 ยตg/mยณ | โค40 ยตg/mยณ (annual) | Lower is better |
| Nitrogen Dioxide โ reddish-brown gas from vehicle engines and power plants. Irritates airways, worsens asthma, and contributes to smog/acid rain formation. High NOโ is a strong indicator of traffic-related pollution. | |||
| SOโ | 9.67 ยตg/mยณ | โค50 ยตg/mยณ (24hr) | Lower is better |
| Sulfur Dioxide โ pungent gas from burning coal, oil, and industrial smelting (steel plants near Raipur). Causes burning sensation in nose/throat, breathing difficulty, and contributes to acid rain which damages buildings and vegetation. | |||
| CO | 0.47 mg/mยณ | โค2 mg/mยณ (8hr) | Lower is better |
| Carbon Monoxide โ colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion (vehicles, generators, burning biomass). Reduces blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing headaches, dizziness. High levels indoors can be fatal. Especially dangerous in enclosed/poorly ventilated areas. | |||
| Oโ | 9.89 ยตg/mยณ | โค100 ยตg/mยณ (8hr) | Lower is better |
| Ground-level Ozone โ unlike protective ozone in upper atmosphere, ground-level Oโ is harmful. Formed when sunlight reacts with vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. Peaks in afternoon heat. Triggers chest pain, coughing, and throat irritation. Especially harmful for children and elderly. | |||
| NHโ | 8.20 ยตg/mยณ | โค400 ยตg/mยณ (24hr) | Lower is better |
| Ammonia โ a pungent gas from agricultural fertilizers, animal waste, sewage treatment, and some industrial processes. High concentrations irritate eyes, nose, and throat. Contributes to secondary PM2.5 formation through atmospheric reactions. | |||
Acceptable air quality. Minor concern for unusually sensitive individuals.
Outdoor activities are fine. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged outdoor exertion.
Minimal cardiovascular impact. Those with severe heart conditions should monitor symptoms.
Continue normal activities. Keep rescue medications accessible.
Generally safe. Elderly with pre-existing lung/heart conditions should be aware.
Outdoor activities are safe. Avoid areas near heavy traffic or construction.
Safe for family activities. Children with asthma should carry inhalers as a precaution.
Outdoor activities are fine. Choose parks away from busy roads for children's play.
Minimal risk. Pregnant women can continue normal routines with awareness.
Normal activities are safe. Prefer green spaces for walks, avoid standing near traffic.
Mild concern for people with severe asthma or COPD. May notice slight airway irritation.
Keep rescue inhaler handy. Avoid areas with visible dust or smoke. Stay hydrated.
Good for sports. Athletes may notice very slight performance reduction during intense exercise.
Outdoor sports are fine. Prefer morning hours (6-8 AM) when pollution is typically lower.
No water quality data available yet.
No sanitation data available yet.
Infrastructure quality assessed via 9 satellite datasets โ ESA WorldCover, GHSL Built Surface/Height/Volume/SMOD, VIIRS Nighttime Lights, Dynamic World, ALOS DEM, and Sentinel-2 indices. Data analysed at 1000m and 3000m buffer radii around each area's centroid via Google Earth Engine.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Avg Built Surface per Pixel | 0.0 mยฒ |
| Total Built Surface | 0 mยฒ |
| Built Surface Fraction | 3,743.5% |
| Avg Building Height | 10.59 m |
| Max Building Height | 21.6 m |
| Total Built Volume | 55,554,957 mยณ |
| Mean Built Volume per Pixel | 41,954.4 mยณ |
| Mean Elevation | 298.5 m | Slope (Mean) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Min Elevation | 284.0 m | Slope (Max) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Max Elevation | 322.0 m | Elevation Range | 38.0 m |
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average |
|---|---|---|---|
| Built-up (LULC) | 87.3% | 76.6% | 81.9% |
| Avg Bldg Height | 12.06 m | 9.11 m | 10.59 m |
| Night Radiance | 40.88 | 31.46 | 36.17 |
| Urbanization | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Dynamic World Built | 98.3% | 87.9% | 93.1% |
| NDBI | 0.0003 | -0.0149 | -0.0100 |
| Impervious Surface | 45.9% | 44.3% | 45.1% |
| Mean Slope | 0.10ยฐ | 0.10ยฐ | 0.10ยฐ |
| Infra Score | 81.3 | 81.3 | 81.7 |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Avg Built Surface per Pixel | 4,110.2 mยฒ |
| Total Built Surface | 127,866,923 mยฒ |
| Built Surface Fraction | 4,070.1% |
| Avg Building Height | 12.06 m |
| Max Building Height | 20.2 m |
| Total Built Volume | 15,471,221 mยณ |
| Mean Built Volume per Pixel | 49,748.6 mยณ |
| Mean Elevation | 301.0 m | Slope (Mean) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Min Elevation | 290.0 m | Slope (Max) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Max Elevation | 322.0 m | Elevation Range | 32.0 m |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Avg Built Surface per Pixel | 3,450.5 mยฒ |
| Total Built Surface | 966,095,146 mยฒ |
| Built Surface Fraction | 3,416.9% |
| Avg Building Height | 9.11 m |
| Max Building Height | 23.0 m |
| Total Built Volume | 95,638,692 mยณ |
| Mean Built Volume per Pixel | 34,160.2 mยณ |
| Mean Elevation | 296.0 m | Slope (Mean) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Min Elevation | 278.0 m | Slope (Max) | 0.10ยฐ |
| Max Elevation | 322.0 m | Elevation Range | 44.0 m |
| Parameter | Risk Level | Score | Benchmark | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| River Flood Risk | Medium | 40 | Low (10) = Safest | 50% |
| Risk of flooding from rivers. Raipur drains into the Mahanadi basin via Kharun, Pairy, and Seonath rivers. Areas near the Kharun River corridor (Mowa, Kachna, Labhandi) face highest risk during monsoon. | ||||
| Urban Waterlogging | High | 70 | Low (10) = Safest | 50% |
| Risk of urban waterlogging due to inadequate storm-water drainage. RMC data shows 97% incidence of waterlogging in the city with a 52% drainage coverage gap. Dense old-city areas and lake overflow zones are most vulnerable. | ||||
Lower score = safer area. Score is a weighted average of 2 factors:
Score = (River Flood ร 50%) + (Waterlogging ร 50%)
| Parameter | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Soil Type | Old fill / made land | Primary differentiator โ soft soil amplifies earthquake shaking |
| Seismic Zone | Zone II | BIS IS-1893 classification (Zone II = lowest hazard in India) |
| PGA (475-yr) | 0.0155g | Peak Ground Acceleration for 475-year return period (~10% in 50 yrs) |
| PGA (2475-yr) | 0.0325g | Peak Ground Acceleration for 2475-year return period (~2% in 50 yrs) |
| Liquefaction Risk | Low | Soil liquefaction potential during seismic events โ saturated soils are most susceptible |
| Raw Risk Score | 2/5 | 1/5 = safest (hard soil), 5/5 = highest risk (soft saturated soil in high zone) |
Old market and railway area built on fill material. Soil investigation recommended for buildings >3 storeys.
Lower score = safer area. Score based on soil amplification risk (the only differentiator since all of Raipur is BIS Zone II):
Score = Raw Soil Risk (1-5) mapped to 0-100 scale
Land Surface Temperature measures the radiative temperature of the ground from satellite thermal sensors. Higher LST indicates urban heat island effects โ more concrete, less shade, and higher energy use. Data is analysed at two buffer radii (1000m and 3000m) using Landsat 8/9 thermal infrared band at 30m resolution.
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Temp | 32.06ยฐC | 30.80ยฐC | 31.43ยฐC |
| Min Temp | 25.55ยฐC | 20.47ยฐC | 23.01ยฐC |
| Max Temp | 41.27ยฐC | 40.05ยฐC | 40.66ยฐC |
| LST Score | 51.8 | 56.8 | 54.3 |
The Mean Temperature (averaged across 1000m and 3000m buffers) is converted to a 0โ100 livability score using a linear scale:
โค20ยฐC โ 100 (coolest) | โฅ45ยฐC โ 0 (hottest) | This score is used in the composite livability calculation.
Open Area score measures the percentage of non-built-up land โ open spaces, parks, and room to breathe. Higher score means more open area. Data from ESA WorldCover 2021 at 10m resolution classifies every pixel as built-up or non-built-up.
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Built-up % | 87.3% | 76.6% | 81.9% |
| Open Space % | 12.7% | 23.4% | 18.1% |
| Score | 12.7 | 23.4 | 18.1 |
Nighttime light radiance captured by VIIRS satellite is a reliable proxy for economic activity and infrastructure quality. Brighter areas indicate better street lighting, commercial activity, and power supply reliability. Higher radiance = more developed and safer neighbourhoods.
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avg Radiance | 41.520 | 31.168 | 36.344 |
| Score | 83.0 | 62.3 | 72.7 |
Surface water detection from JRC Global Surface Water dataset maps every water body worldwide at 30m resolution. Areas with lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs score higher โ water bodies reduce urban heat, support ecosystems, and enhance quality of life.
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent Water % | 0.00% | 70.63% | 35.32% |
| Seasonal Water % | 0.00% | 97.82% | 48.91% |
| Score | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Population density estimates from WorldPop at 100m resolution indicate how crowded a neighbourhood is. Lower density areas tend to have less congestion, better air quality, more green space, and quieter living conditions. Data based on 2020 census integration with satellite imagery.
| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 23,822 | 232,750 | 128,286 |
| Density (per kmยฒ) | 7,583 | 8,232 | 7,907 |
| Score | 62.1 | 58.8 | 60.5 |
Data sourced from TerraClimate (~4.6 km resolution). Analyses soil moisture, precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and drought index (PDSI) to assess groundwater recharge conditions. Recharge = Precipitation โ ET โ Runoff. Positive recharge and higher soil moisture indicate healthy groundwater replenishment.
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil Moisture Average annual soil moisture (0โ200 mm) |
133.4 mm | 30% | 66.7 /100 | |
| GW Recharge P โ ET โ Runoff (โ200 to +400 mm/yr) |
+0.8 mm/yr | 25% | 33.5 /100 | |
| PDSI (Drought Index) โ4 (severe drought) to +4 (very wet) |
3.02 | 20% | 87.7 /100 | |
| SM Trend Soil moisture change 2021โ2024 (โ50 to +50 mm) |
+0.0 mm | 15% | 50.0 /100 | |
| Precipitation Annual rainfall (800โ1800 mm/yr) |
1,874 mm/yr | 10% | 100.0 /100 | |
| Groundwater Score | 100% | 63.4/100 | ||
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil Moisture Average annual soil moisture (0โ200 mm) |
133.4 mm | 30% | 66.7 /100 | |
| GW Recharge P โ ET โ Runoff (โ200 to +400 mm/yr) |
+0.7 mm/yr | 25% | 33.5 /100 | |
| PDSI (Drought Index) โ4 (severe drought) to +4 (very wet) |
3.02 | 20% | 87.7 /100 | |
| SM Trend Soil moisture change 2021โ2024 (โ50 to +50 mm) |
+0.0 mm | 15% | 50.0 /100 | |
| Precipitation Annual rainfall (800โ1800 mm/yr) |
1,874 mm/yr | 10% | 100.0 /100 | |
| Groundwater Score | 100% | 63.4/100 | ||
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil Moisture Average annual soil moisture (0โ200 mm) |
133.3 mm | 30% | 66.6 /100 | |
| GW Recharge P โ ET โ Runoff (โ200 to +400 mm/yr) |
+0.9 mm/yr | 25% | 33.5 /100 | |
| PDSI (Drought Index) โ4 (severe drought) to +4 (very wet) |
3.02 | 20% | 87.7 /100 | |
| SM Trend Soil moisture change 2021โ2024 (โ50 to +50 mm) |
+0.0 mm | 15% | 50.0 /100 | |
| Precipitation Annual rainfall (800โ1800 mm/yr) |
1,874 mm/yr | 10% | 100.0 /100 | |
| Groundwater Score | 100% | 63.4/100 | ||
Moderate groundwater conditions. Underground water storage is adequate but may show seasonal variation. Monitor trends and consider water conservation practices.
No waterlogging data available for this area yet.
View Waterlogging MapNo risk factor data available for this area yet.
View Risk Factors MapScored using OpenStreetMap data: sidewalks, crosswalks, footpaths, cycle paths, traffic signals, street lighting and road quality. This is a special experimental parameter not included in the composite score โ a differentiator no competing platform offers for Indian cities.
Below average walkability. Limited pedestrian infrastructure. Few designated crosswalks or footpaths. Walking at night requires extra caution. Vehicle-dependent area.
Scored using Google Maps and OpenStreetMap data: police stations, fire stations, hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and overall emergency coverage. This is a special experimental parameter not included in the composite score.
Excellent safety infrastructure. This area is well-served with police stations, fire services, hospitals and pharmacies within easy reach. Emergency response times are likely fast.
| Category | Count | Max | Score | Progress |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitals (500m) | 3 | 3 | 99 /100 |
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Hospitals (500m) โ 3 places within 500m
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| Hospitals (2km) | 19 | 5 | 100 /100 |
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Hospitals (2km) โ 19 places within 2km
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| Schools (1km) | 9 | 5 | 100 /100 |
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Schools (1km) โ 9 places within 1km
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| Markets (1km) | 8 | 3 | 100 /100 |
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Markets (1km) โ 8 places within 1km
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| Parks (500m) | 0 | 3 | 0 /100 |
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| BRTS/Bus Stop (1km) | 2 | 2 | 100 /100 |
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BRTS/Bus Stop (1km) โ 2 places within 1km
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| Pharmacy (2km) | 20 | 3 | 100 /100 |
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Pharmacy (2km) โ 20 places within 2km
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| Banks (1km) | 8 | 3 | 100 /100 |
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Banks (1km) โ 8 places within 1km
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| Restaurants (1km) | 11 | 5 | 100 /100 |
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Restaurants (1km) โ 11 places within 1km
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| Worship (1km) | 5 | 3 | 100 /100 |
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Worship (1km) โ 5 places within 1km
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| Transport Services (1km) | 17 | 4 | 100 /100 |
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Transport Services (1km) โ 17 places within 1km
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| Total (sum of 11 categories) | 999/1100 | |||
| Amenity Score (Total รท 11) | 90.82 /100 |
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Quiet Score data not available for this area.
Parameters: Daytime noise dB, nighttime noise dB, proximity to highways, industrial zonesNDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is a satellite-based measurement that detects how green and healthy vegetation is from space. This data is analysed at two buffer radii โ 1000m and 3000m โ around the area centre using Landsat 8/9 OLI (estimated) satellite imagery at 30m resolution. The final green cover score is the average of both radii, giving a balanced view of your immediate neighbourhood (1km) and wider surroundings (3km).
Limited greenery โ mostly built-up with scattered shrubs and individual trees. Common in dense commercial or old city areas.
Below average green coverage. Scattered trees and small gardens are present, but green spaces are limited.
% of area with any meaningful greeneryFew pockets of dense trees. Most vegetation is sparse grass, shrubs, or scattered trees.
% of area with thick tree cover / parksEach parameter is scored 0โ100 and combined using weighted averages:
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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NDVI Mean
Average greenness index. Scale: 0 (no plants) โ 0.5+ (lush forest). |
0.164 | 40% | 32.8 /100 |
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Vegetation Coverage
% of land with meaningful greenery (grass, shrubs, trees). |
16.1% | 30% | 16.1 /100 |
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Dense Green Cover
% of land with thick, healthy tree cover (parks, gardens, forests). |
6.3% | 20% | 12.6 /100 |
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Parks within 500m
Number of public parks/gardens within walking distance. |
0 | 10% | 0 /100 |
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| Averaged (1000m + 3000m) Green Score | 20.5 /100 |
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Limited greenery โ mostly built-up with scattered shrubs and individual trees. Common in dense commercial or old city areas.
Very low vegetation โ this area is predominantly built-up with minimal green spaces.
% of area with any meaningful greeneryFew pockets of dense trees. Most vegetation is sparse grass, shrubs, or scattered trees.
% of area with thick tree cover / parksEach parameter is scored 0โ100 and combined using weighted averages:
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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NDVI Mean
Average greenness index. Scale: 0 (no plants) โ 0.5+ (lush forest). |
0.158 | 40% | 31.6 /100 |
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Vegetation Coverage
% of land with meaningful greenery (grass, shrubs, trees). |
10.8% | 30% | 10.8 /100 |
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Dense Green Cover
% of land with thick, healthy tree cover (parks, gardens, forests). |
4.1% | 20% | 8.2 /100 |
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Parks within 500m
Number of public parks/gardens within walking distance. |
0 | 10% | 0 /100 |
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| 1000m Buffer Green Score | 17.5 /100 |
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Limited greenery โ mostly built-up with scattered shrubs and individual trees. Common in dense commercial or old city areas.
Below average green coverage. Scattered trees and small gardens are present, but green spaces are limited.
% of area with any meaningful greeneryFew pockets of dense trees. Most vegetation is sparse grass, shrubs, or scattered trees.
% of area with thick tree cover / parksEach parameter is scored 0โ100 and combined using weighted averages:
| Parameter | Value | Weight | Sub-Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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NDVI Mean
Average greenness index. Scale: 0 (no plants) โ 0.5+ (lush forest). |
0.170 | 40% | 34 /100 |
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Vegetation Coverage
% of land with meaningful greenery (grass, shrubs, trees). |
21.3% | 30% | 21.3 /100 |
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Dense Green Cover
% of land with thick, healthy tree cover (parks, gardens, forests). |
8.5% | 20% | 17 /100 |
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Parks within 500m
Number of public parks/gardens within walking distance. |
0 | 10% | 0 /100 |
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| 3000m Buffer Green Score | 23.4 /100 |
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| Parameter | 1000m | 3000m | Average (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NDVI Mean | 0.158 | 0.170 | 0.164 |
| Vegetation % | 10.8% | 21.3% | 16.1% |
| Dense Green % | 4.1% | 8.5% | 6.3% |
| Barren % | 65.6% | 51.0% | 58.3% |
| Tree Canopy % | 9.9% | 11.7% | 10.8% |
| Green Score | 17.5 | 23.4 | 20.5 |
Below Average Green Cover
Limited greenery in this area. The urban heat island effect is likely noticeable โ expect hotter summers and more dust. Air quality may also be impacted. Look for areas with individual gardens or compound trees to partially offset this.
Consider: proximity to any nearby parks or green belts outside this immediate zone.
Raipur context: As per satellite LULC data, Raipur's urban green cover has been declining due to rapid construction. WHO recommends 9 sq.m green space per person โ most Indian cities fall short. Nava Raipur's planned sectors show higher NDVI due to mandatory green belt provisions.
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The Amenity Score for Modha Para is calculated by averaging 11 category sub-scores:
Each category scores 0-100 based on how many amenities are found within a specific radius:
| Category | Search Radius | Max Count for 100 | Points per Amenity | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitals (500m) | 500m | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| Hospitals (2km) | 2km | 5 | 20 | min(100, count ร 20) |
| Schools (1km) | 1km | 5 | 20 | min(100, count ร 20) |
| Markets (1km) | 1km | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| Parks (500m) | 500m | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| BRTS/Bus Stop (1km) | 1km | 2 | 50 | min(100, count ร 50) |
| Pharmacy (2km) | 2km | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| Banks (1km) | 1km | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| Restaurants (1km) | 1km | 5 | 20 | min(100, count ร 20) |
| Worship (1km) | 1km | 3 | 33 | min(100, count ร 33) |
| Transport Services (1km) | 1km | 4 | 25 | min(100, count ร 25) |
| Category | Found | Raw (count ร pts) | Capped at 100 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitals (500m) | 3 | 3 ร 33 = 99 | 99 |
| Hospitals (2km) | 19 | 19 ร 20 = 380 | 100 (capped) |
| Schools (1km) | 9 | 9 ร 20 = 180 | 100 (capped) |
| Markets (1km) | 8 | 8 ร 33 = 264 | 100 (capped) |
| Parks (500m) | 0 | 0 ร 33 = 0 | 0 |
| BRTS/Bus Stop (1km) | 2 | 2 ร 50 = 100 | 100 |
| Pharmacy (2km) | 20 | 20 ร 33 = 660 | 100 (capped) |
| Banks (1km) | 8 | 8 ร 33 = 264 | 100 (capped) |
| Restaurants (1km) | 11 | 11 ร 20 = 220 | 100 (capped) |
| Worship (1km) | 5 | 5 ร 33 = 165 | 100 (capped) |
| Transport Services (1km) | 17 | 17 ร 25 = 425 | 100 (capped) |
| Sum of all categories | 2757 | 999 | |
| Final Score = 999 รท 11 | 90.82/100 | ||
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardised indicator (0โ500) that communicates how polluted the air currently is. A lower AQI means cleaner air.
The overall AQI equals the highest sub-index among all measured pollutants. Each sub-index is calculated by linear interpolation between CPCB/EPA breakpoints for that pollutant's concentration.
| AQI Range | Category | Health Impact |
|---|---|---|
| 0 โ 50 | Good | Minimal impact |
| 51 โ 100 | Satisfactory | Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people |
| 101 โ 200 | Moderate | Breathing discomfort to people with lung/heart disease |
| 201 โ 300 | Poor | Breathing discomfort on prolonged exposure |
| 301 โ 400 | Very Poor | Respiratory illness on prolonged exposure |
| 401 โ 500 | Severe | Affects healthy people; serious impact on those with existing diseases |
Each pollutant's sub-index is calculated using linear interpolation:
Ip = ( (IHi โ ILo) / (BPHi โ BPLo) ) ร (Cp โ BPLo) + ILo
| AQI | PM2.5 (ยตg/mยณ) 24-hr avg |
PM10 (ยตg/mยณ) 24-hr avg |
NOโ (ยตg/mยณ) 24-hr avg |
SOโ (ยตg/mยณ) 24-hr avg |
CO (mg/mยณ) 8-hr avg |
Oโ (ยตg/mยณ) 8-hr avg |
NHโ (ยตg/mยณ) 24-hr avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good (0โ50) | 0โ30 | 0โ50 | 0โ40 | 0โ40 | 0โ1.0 | 0โ50 | 0โ200 |
| Satisfactory (51โ100) | 31โ60 | 51โ100 | 41โ80 | 41โ80 | 1.1โ2.0 | 51โ100 | 201โ400 |
| Moderate (101โ200) | 61โ90 | 101โ250 | 81โ180 | 81โ380 | 2.1โ10 | 101โ168 | 401โ800 |
| Poor (201โ300) | 91โ120 | 251โ350 | 181โ280 | 381โ800 | 10.1โ17 | 169โ208 | 801โ1200 |
| Very Poor (301โ400) | 121โ250 | 351โ430 | 281โ400 | 801โ1600 | 17.1โ34 | 209โ748 | 1201โ1800 |
| Pollutant | Value | Unit | Category Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | 22.29 | ยตg/mยณ | Good |
| PM10 | 52.07 | ยตg/mยณ | Satisfactory |
| NOโ | 51.37 | ยตg/mยณ | Satisfactory |
| SOโ | 9.67 | ยตg/mยณ | Good |
| CO | 0.47 | mg/mยณ | Good |
| Oโ | 9.89 | ยตg/mยณ | Good |
| NHโ | 8.2 | ยตg/mยณ | Good |
Overall AQI = max of all sub-indices = 54 Satisfactory
| AQI Range | Air Quality Score (for Livability) | Method |
|---|---|---|
| 0 โ 500 | max(0, 100 โ AQI) | Inverted: lower AQI = higher livability |
For Modha Para: Air Score = max(0, 100 โ 54) = 46/100
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measures vegetation health using satellite imagery:
NIR = Near-Infrared reflectance (Landsat 8/9 Band 5)
Red = Red light reflectance (Landsat 8/9 Band 4)
Range: โ1 (water) to +1 (dense vegetation)
| NDVI Range | Category | Description |
|---|---|---|
| < 0.0 | Water | Water bodies, rivers, ponds |
| 0.0 โ 0.1 | Barren | Bare soil, rock, sand, built-up areas |
| 0.1 โ 0.2 | Sparse | Sparse vegetation, urban green, scattered shrubs |
| 0.2 โ 0.4 | Moderate | Grassland, cropland, gardens, roadside trees |
| 0.4 โ 0.6 | Dense | Dense parks, plantation, forest patches |
| > 0.6 | Very Dense | Closed canopy forest, dense tropical vegetation |
| Component | Raw Value | Sub-Score | Weight | Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDVI Mean | 0.164 | 32.8/100 | 40% | 13.12 |
| Vegetation Coverage | 16.1% | 16.1/100 | 30% | 4.83 |
| Dense Green Cover | 6.3% | 12.6/100 | 20% | 2.52 |
| Parks within 500m | 0 | 0/100 | 10% | 0 |
| Green Cover Score | 20.5/100 | |||
ee.Image.normalizedDifference(['B5', 'B4']) โ per GEE TutorialThe Flood Risk Score measures an area's vulnerability to river flooding and urban waterlogging. Lower score = safer area.
| Parameter | Weight | Description | Risk โ Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| River Flood Risk | 50% | Proximity to rivers (Kharun, Pairy, Seonath) and flood history | Low = 10, Low-Medium = 25, Medium = 40, High = 70, Very High = 85 |
| Urban Waterlogging | 50% | Storm-water drainage adequacy and monsoon waterlogging history | Low = 10, Low-Medium = 25, Medium = 40, High = 70, Very High = 85 |
Flood Risk Score = (River Flood ร 50%) + (Waterlogging ร 50%)
| Zone | Area | River Flood | Waterlogging | Overall | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zone 4 | Civil Lines/Sadarbazar | Low | Low | ๐ข Lowest | 10 |
| Zone 10 | Kamhal Vihar/Devpuri | Low | Low | ๐ข Lowest | 10 |
| Zone 8 | Tatibandh/Mahadevahat | Low-Medium | Low | ๐ก Low-Medium | 17.5 |
| Zone 1 | North-West | Medium | Low | ๐ก Low-Medium | 25 |
| Zone 5 | Dangania/South | Medium | Medium | ๐ก Medium | 40 |
| Zone 6 | Bhathagaon/Tikrapara | Medium | Medium | ๐ก Medium | 40 |
| Zone 2 | Railway/Pandri | Medium | High | ๐ด High | 55 |
| Zone 3 | Shankar Nagar/Telibandha | Medium | High | ๐ด High | 55 |
| Zone 7 | Tatya Para/Geeta Nagar | Medium | High | ๐ด High | 55 |
| Zone 9 | Saddu/Mowa/Kachna | High | High | ๐ด Highest | 70 |
The Livability Report is a single number (0โ100) that represents the overall quality of life in a neighbourhood. It is the simple average of all available sub-scores.
Livability Report = Average of all available sub-scores100 โ AQI (lower AQI = better air = higher score)100 โ flood_risk_score (lower risk = safer = higher score)100 โ earthquake_score (lower risk = safer = higher score)
| # | Parameter | Source | Conversion for Composite |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Air Quality | Google AQI / AQICN | 100 โ AQI (AQI 41 โ 59) |
| 2 | Water Quality | BIS IS-10500 parameters | Direct (0โ100) |
| 3 | Sanitation | RMC/NRANVP sanitation data | Direct (0โ100) |
| 4 | Amenities | Google Places API | Direct (0โ100) |
| 5 | Quiet Score | Noise level analysis | Direct (0โ100) |
| 6 | Green Cover | NDVI satellite analysis | Direct (0โ100) |
| 7 | Flood Risk | NDMA/ThinkHazard | 100 โ score (risk 10 โ 90) |
| 8 | Earthquake Risk | BIS IS-1893/NDMA | 100 โ score (risk 10 โ 90) |
Infrastructure score is planned but not yet included. Only parameters with available data are averaged โ NULL values are skipped, not treated as zero.
| Grade | Score Range | Meaning | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 80โ100 | Excellent livability | Top-tier neighbourhood. Premium pricing justified. Ideal for families. |
| B | 60โ79 | Good livability | Well-served area. Good balance of infrastructure and environment. Recommended for most buyers. |
| C | 40โ59 | Average livability | Some gaps in amenities or environment. Check specific weak parameters before deciding. |
| D | 20โ39 | Below average | Significant gaps. Suitable only if specific advantages (price, location) outweigh livability concerns. |
| F | 0โ19 | Poor livability | Major livability issues. Not recommended for residential investment without significant improvement plans. |
The Earthquake Risk Score measures an area's seismic vulnerability based on soil type and amplification potential. Lower score = safer area.
Since all of Raipur is uniformly Zone II, the only meaningful differentiator is soil type. Soft, saturated, or filled soils amplify distant earthquake shaking more than hard alluvial or laterite soils. This is called site amplification effect per IS 1893.
Score = Soil-based raw risk (1โ5) mapped to 0โ100 scale| Raw Score | Earthquake Score | Soil Type | Risk Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/5 | 10 | Hard alluvial / laterite / rock | ๐ข Low |
| 2/5 | 25 | Soft alluvial / fill / saturated riverine | ๐ก Low-Medium |
| 3/5 | 45 | Mixed weak soil | ๐ Medium |
| 4/5 | 65 | Very soft / liquefiable | ๐ด High |
| 5/5 | 85 | Extreme soft / reclaimed | ๐ด Very High |
| Zone | Area | Soil Type | Liquefaction | Risk | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zone 1 | North-West Raipur | Hard alluvial | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 2 | Railway/Pandri | Old fill / made land | Low | ๐ก Low-Medium | 25 |
| Zone 3 | Shankar Nagar/Telibandha | Mixed alluvial, lake-fringe | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 4 | Civil Lines/Sadarbazar | Hard alluvial | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 5 | Dangania/South | Mixed alluvial | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 6 | Bhathagaon/Tikrapara | Mixed alluvial | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 7 | Tatya Para/Geeta Nagar | Soft alluvial (Kharun corridor) | Low | ๐ก Low-Medium | 25 |
| Zone 8 | Tatibandh/Mahadevahat | Hard alluvial | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Zone 9 | Saddu/Mowa/Kachna | Soft saturated riverine | Medium | ๐ก Low-Medium | 25 |
| Zone 10 | Kamhal Vihar/Devpuri | Hard alluvial, plateau approach | None | ๐ข Low | 10 |
| Nava Raipur (all sectors): Hard laterite / rock โ ๐ข Low (score: 10) โ Best seismic profile | |||||
The Land Surface Temperature (LST) Score measures the thermal comfort of an area from satellite data. Lower surface temperature = higher score (better livability).
LST Score = max(0, min(100, ((45 - mean_temp) / 25) ร 100))| Mean LST (ยฐC) | Score | Category |
|---|---|---|
| โค 20ยฐC | 100 | โ๏ธ Cool โ Perfect |
| 25ยฐC | 80 | ๐ค๏ธ Comfortable |
| 30ยฐC | 60 | ๐ค๏ธ Moderate |
| 35ยฐC | 40 | โ๏ธ Warm |
| 40ยฐC | 20 | ๐ฅ Hot |
| โฅ 45ยฐC | 0 | ๐ฅ Extreme Heat |
The Open Area Score measures the percentage of non-built-up land โ open spaces, parks, vegetation and room to breathe. Higher open space percentage = higher score.
Open Area Score = 100 - builtup_percentage| Open Space % | Built-up % | Score | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90-100% | 0-10% | 90-100 | ๐ณ Spacious |
| 70-90% | 10-30% | 70-90 | ๐ก Very Open |
| 50-70% | 30-50% | 50-70 | ๐๏ธ Moderate |
| 30-50% | 50-70% | 30-50 | ๐๏ธ Limited |
| 10-30% | 70-90% | 10-30 | ๐๏ธ Very Limited |
| 0-10% | 90-100% | 0-10 | ๐ข Extremely Dense |
The Nighttime Lights (NTL) Score measures urban illumination intensity as a proxy for infrastructure quality and economic activity. Higher radiance = higher score (better infrastructure).
NTL Score = min(100, (avg_radiance / 50) ร 100)| Avg Radiance (nW/cmยฒ/sr) | Score | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 0-5 | 0-10 | ๐ Dark โ Minimal infrastructure |
| 5-15 | 10-30 | ๐ Dim โ Rural/developing |
| 15-25 | 30-50 | ๐ Moderate โ Residential |
| 25-35 | 50-70 | ๐ก Bright โ Active commercial |
| 35-50 | 70-100 | ๐ก Very Bright โ Major hub |
| โฅ 50 | 100 | ๐ก Maximum โ City centre |
The Water Bodies Score measures the presence of surface water (lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs) in and around an area. More water bodies = higher score (better livability).
Permanent Score = min(100, (permanent_water_pct / 10) ร 100)Seasonal Score = min(100, (seasonal_water_pct / 15) ร 100)Water Score = (Permanent ร 0.7) + (Seasonal ร 0.3)| Permanent Water % | Approx Score | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 0% | 0 | ๐๏ธ No water bodies |
| 0.1-1% | 7-10 | ๐ฆ Minimal |
| 1-3% | 10-30 | ๐ง Some water |
| 3-5% | 30-50 | ๐ง Moderate |
| 5-10% | 50-100 | ๐ Significant water |
| โฅ 10% | 100 | ๐ Maximum โ Lakefront |
The Population Density Score measures how crowded a neighbourhood is based on gridded population estimates. Lower density = higher score (less congestion, more space).
Pop Density Score = max(0, ((20000 - density_per_kmยฒ) / 20000) ร 100)| Density (people/kmยฒ) | Score | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 0-2,000 | 90-100 | ๐ก Low Density โ Spacious |
| 2,000-5,000 | 75-90 | ๐ก Moderate-Low |
| 5,000-8,000 | 60-75 | ๐๏ธ Moderate |
| 8,000-12,000 | 40-60 | ๐๏ธ Dense |
| 12,000-18,000 | 10-40 | ๐ข Very Dense |
| โฅ 20,000 | 0 | ๐ข Extremely Dense |
The Groundwater Score evaluates underground water balance and recharge conditions using high-resolution satellite-derived climate data. Higher soil moisture, positive recharge, and wetter PDSI = higher score.
| Parameter | Weight | Scoring Range |
|---|---|---|
| Soil Moisture (mm) | 30% | 0 = 0, 200+ = 100 |
| GW Recharge (mm/yr) | 25% | โ200 = 0, +400 = 100 |
| PDSI (drought index) | 20% | โ4 = 0, +4 = 100 |
| SM Trend (mm change) | 15% | โ50 = 0, +50 = 100 |
| Precipitation (mm/yr) | 10% | 800 = 0, 1800 = 100 |
Score = (SMร0.30) + (Rechargeร0.25) + (PDSIร0.20) + (Trendร0.15) + (Precipร0.10)
The Infrastructure Score evaluates urban development quality using 9 satellite datasets โ assessing built-up density, building heights, nighttime illumination, road surfaces, terrain, greenery, and urbanization level. Higher score = better infrastructure.
| Parameter | Weight | Scoring Logic |
|---|---|---|
| Urbanization Index (SMOD) | 20% | Direct 0โ100 scale from GHSL SMOD |
| Built-up Density (ESA) | 15% | Optimal 30โ60%; 0%=0, 60%=100, >60% declines |
| Nighttime Light Stability | 15% | Stability index ร 100 (proxy for reliable power) |
| Avg Building Height (GHSL) | 10% | 0m=0, 10m=100 (taller = better vertical infra) |
| Impervious Surface % | 10% | Optimal 10โ40%; >40% declines (roads/concrete) |
| Nighttime Radiance (VIIRS) | 10% | 0=0, 50 nW/cmยฒ/sr=100 (electrification proxy) |
| Terrain Slope (ALOS DEM) | 10% | Flat=100, steep declines (road-building ease) |
| Green Cover (Tree+Grass) | 10% | 0%=0, 30%=100 (livability greenery balance) |
Score = Weighted average of available parameters (NULL values excluded)
The Walkability Score measures how pedestrian-friendly an area is based on the presence and quality of walking infrastructure, road safety features, street lighting, and road surface quality. Scored on a 0โ100 scale (higher = more walkable).
Each sub-score is individually normalised to 0โ100 using capped counts, then the weighted sum produces the final score. This is a special experimental parameter not included in the composite livability score.
| Sub-Score | Weight | Components | Normalisation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedestrian Infrastructure | 30% |
|
min(count / cap ร 100, 100) |
| Road Safety | 25% |
|
min(count / cap ร 100, 100) |
| Street Lighting | 20% |
|
max(lamp_score, lit_road_score ร 0.7) |
| Road Quality | 25% |
|
paved / (paved + unpaved) ร 100 |
| Score Range | Rating | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 80 โ 100 | Excellent | Highly walkable with complete pedestrian infrastructure |
| 60 โ 79 | Good | Good walking conditions with minor gaps |
| 40 โ 59 | Moderate | Basic walkability โ some infrastructure missing |
| 0 โ 39 | Poor | Limited walkability โ significant infrastructure gaps |
OpenStreetMap (Overpass API)
All walkability infrastructure data is sourced from OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API. Features like sidewalks, pedestrian zones, crosswalks, traffic signals, street lamps, and road surface tags are queried within each area's geographic boundary.
The Safety Score evaluates the availability and proximity of emergency services โ police, fire, hospitals, and pharmacies โ within an area. Scored on a 0โ100 scale (higher = safer / better covered).
Each sub-score is normalised to 0โ100 using count and proximity scoring with distance-based decay. This is a special experimental parameter not included in the composite livability score.
| Sub-Score | Weight | How It's Scored | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Police Presence | 20% |
|
Binary presence check: scores 100 if any police station exists nearby (OSM or Google data), 0 otherwise. |
| Fire Station Response | 15% |
|
Binary presence check: scores 100 if any fire station exists nearby (OSM or Google Maps data), 0 otherwise. |
| Hospital Access | 35% |
|
Includes hospitals and clinics from Google Maps data. Highest weighted sub-score because healthcare proximity is critical. |
| Pharmacy & First Aid | 15% |
|
Minimum service check capped at 2. Pharmacies provide first-line medical access. |
| Emergency Coverage | 15% |
|
Binary check: does the area have at least one of each emergency service type? Max 100 if all four present. |
| Score Range | Rating | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 80 โ 100 | Excellent | Comprehensive emergency coverage with nearby services |
| 60 โ 79 | Good | Good emergency access with minor gaps |
| 40 โ 59 | Moderate | Partial coverage โ some services distant or absent |
| 0 โ 39 | Poor | Limited emergency infrastructure โ significant gaps |
Google Maps Places API + OpenStreetMap
Emergency services data is sourced from Google Maps Places API (police stations, fire stations, hospitals, clinics, pharmacies) enriched with OpenStreetMap amenity data. Distance calculations use the Haversine formula from each area's centroid to the nearest service locations.